Probably, the single most prevalent claim advanced by the proponents of a new paradigm is that they can solve the problems that led the old one to a ….

Normal science, the activity in which most scientists inevitably spend most all their time, is predicated on the assumption that the scientific commu….

The transition between competing paradigms cannot be made a step at a time, forced by logic and neutral experience. Like the gestalt switch, it must ….

In science novelty emerges only with difficulty, manifested by resistance, against a background provided by expectation..

Philosophers of science have repeatedly demonstrated that more than one theoretical construction can always be placed upon a given collection of data..

We see the world in terms of our theories..

Every important idea in science sounds strange at first..

Political revolutions aim to change political institutions in ways that those institutions themselves prohibit. Their success therefore necessitates ….

Far from being magisterial in its objectivity, science was conditioned by history, society, and the prejudices of scientists..

The crises of our time, it becomes increasingly clear, are the necessary impetus for the revolution now under way. And once we understand nature's tr….

The decision to reject one paradigm is always simultaneously the decision to accept another, and the judgment leading to that decision involves the c….

No part of the aim of normal science is to call forth new sorts of phenomena; indeed those that will not fit the box are often not seen at all. Nor d….

All significant breakthroughs are break -“withs” old ways of thinking..

Rather than being an interpreter, the scientist who embraces a new paradigm is like the man wearing inverting lenses..

The man who is striving to solve a problem defined by existing knowledge and technique is not, however, just looking around. He knows what he wants t….

Literally as well as metaphorically, the man accustomed to inverting lenses has undergone a revolutionary transformation of vision..

The answers you get depend upon the questions you ask..

All crises begin with the blurring of a paradigm and the consequent loosening of the rules for normal research. .. Or finally, the case that will mos….

Under normal conditions the research scientist is not an innovator but a solver of puzzles, and the puzzles upon which he concentrates are just those….

The historian of science may be tempted to claim that when paradigms change, the world itself changes with them. Led by a new paradigm, scientists ad….

Communication across the revolutionary divide is inevitably partial..