Moral philosophy is nothing else but the science of what is good, and evil, in the conversation, and society of mankind. Good, and evil, are names that signify our appetites, and aversions; which in different tempers, customs, and doctrines of men, are different.
Interpretation
Moral philosophy explores the definitions of good and evil as they relate to human desires and societal norms.
In this quote, Thomas Hobbes emphasizes that moral philosophy is a discipline that seeks to understand the concepts of good and evil as they manifest in human interactions and society. He suggests that these notions are not absolute but are shaped by individual appetites, aversions, and the varying temperaments and customs of different cultures, highlighting the subjective nature of morality.
In practice
In a lecture on ethics, one might quote Hobbes to illustrate how moral values are socially constructed.
Baptism is the sacrament of allegiance of them that are to be received into the Kingdom of God, that is to say, into Eternal life, that is to say, to Remission of Sin. For as Eternal life was lost by the committing, so it is recovered by the remitting of men's sins.
Force and fraud are in war the two cardinal virtues.
For it is not the shape, but their use, that makes them angels.
For to accuse requires less eloquence, such is man's nature, than to excuse; and condemnation, than absolution, more resembles justice.
Scientia potentia est, sed parva; quia scientia egregia rara est, nec proinde apparens nisi paucissimis, et in paucis rebus. Scientiae enim ea natura est, ut esse intelligi non possit, nisi ab illis qui sunt scientia praediti.
The end of knowledge is power ... the scope of all speculation is the performing of some action or thing to be done.
Europe has what we do not have yet, a sense of the mysterious and inexorable limits of life, a sense, in a word, of tragedy. And we have what they sorely need: a sense of life's possibilities.
Masses are rude, lame, unmade, pernicious in their demands and influence, and need not to be flattered, but to be schooled. I wish not to concede anything to them, but to tame, drill, divide, and break them up, and draw individuals out of them.
You never know how much you really believe anything until its truth or falsehood becomes a matter of life and death to you.
The duty of holding a Neutral conduct may be inferred, without any thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations of Peace and amity toward other Nations.
Asked whether or not he believed in an afterlife, Thoreau quipped, "One world at a time."
We lose many things simply out of our fear of losing them.
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